Abstract
This review describes recent advances in the comprehension of signaling pathways involved in breast cancer progression. Calcium sensing receptor (CaSR), caveolae signaling, signaling referred to hypoxia-inducing factors and disturbances in the apoptotic machinery are related to more general biological mechanisms and are considered first. The others refer to signaling pathways of more specific biological mechanisms, namely the heparin/heparin-sulfate interactome, over-expression of miRNA-378a-5p, restriction of luminal and basal epithelial cells, fatty-acid synthesis, molecular pathways related to epithelial to mesenchimal transition (EMT), HER-2/neu gene amplification and protein expression, and the expression of other members of the epithelial growth factor receptor family. This progress in basic research is fundamental to foster the ongoing efforts that use the new genotyping technologies, and aim at defining new prognostic and predictive biomarkers for a better personalized management of breast cancer disease.
Highlights
It is largely known that cancer is a complex disease sustained by many genetic and epigenetic alterations
Novel findings that can help in a better comprehension of some widespread and others inherent to more specific biological mechanisms involved in breast cancer progression are reported
A concomitant inactivation in cancer cells of tumor suppressors proteins as phosphatase tensin deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) and p53 can still more reduce the Hypoxia-Inducing Factors (HIFs)-1α degradation and increase phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt activation and can be responsible for HIF-α accumulation
Summary
It is largely known that cancer is a complex disease sustained by many genetic and epigenetic alterations These alterations, at least in part, differ in different types, within the same type of cancer and even within each cancer. The spatial and temporal heterogeneities entail changes in the local microenvironment [5,6] that likely affect the signaling pathways related to breast cancer progression. This makes cancer an evolving disease hard to be understood and even more to be cured in the advanced stages. Alterations of Signaling Pathways in Some Widespread Biological Mechanisms Involved in Breast Cancer Progression
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