Abstract
Recently, many studies have focused on carrageenan-based hydrogels for biomedical applications thanks to their intrinsic properties, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, resembling native glycosaminoglycans, antioxidants, antitumor, immunomodulatory, and anticoagulant properties. They can easily change to three-dimensional hydrogels using a simple ionic crosslinking process. However, there are some limitations, including the uncontrollable exchange of ions and the formation of a brittle hydrogel, which can be overcome via simple chemical modifications of polymer networks to form chemically crosslinked hydrogels with significant mechanical properties and a controlled degradation rate. Additionally, the incorporation of various types of nanoparticles and polymer networks into carrageenan hydrogels has resulted in the formation of hybrid platforms with significant mechanical, chemical and biological properties, making them suitable biomaterials for drug delivery (DD), tissue engineering (TE), and wound healing applications. Herein, we aim to overview the recent advances in various chemical modification approaches and hybrid carrageenan-based platforms for tissue engineering and drug delivery applications.
Highlights
Introduction published maps and institutional affilCarrageenans are natural linear polysaccharides that are extracted from certain species of the class Rhodophyceae
The results showed improvement in the biocompatibility and thermo-sensitivity of the hydrogels, which could be expected to be useful for the drug delivery (DD) system
The results demonstrated the suitable ratio of alginate/κ-carrageenan, presenting the possibilities to turn them into a potential bioink for manufacturing an appealing 3D-printed scaffold with the outstanding mechanical performance, whilst sustaining the structure and biological properties in the area of the soft tissue engineering (TE)
Summary
Carrageenans are natural linear polysaccharides (carbohydrates) that are extracted from certain species of the class Rhodophyceae (red seaweeds). The most well-known and still most important red seaweed used for manufacturing the hydrophilic colloids to produce carrageenan is Chondrus crispus, which is a dark-red parsley-like plant that grows attached to the rocks [1]. Carrageenans primarily include changing 3-linked b-D-galactopyranose (G-units), 4-linked a-D-galactopyranose (D-units), or 4-linked 3,6-anhydro-a-Dgalactopyranose (DA-units), creating the disaccharide continuing unit of carrageenans [2]. Carrageenan is a sulfated polygalactan with 15–40% ester sulfate content, which makes it an anionic polysaccharide, and it can be mainly categorized into the following three different classes based on their sulfate contents: iota (ι)-, kappa (κ)-, and lambda (λ)-carrageenan [3]. The κ-, ι- and λ-carrageenans have one, two and three sulfate ester groups, in order, resulting in approximate correspondent calculated sulfate contents of iations.
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
