Abstract
Carbon nanodots (CNDs) are an emerging class of nanomaterials and have generated much interest in the field of biomedicine by way of unique properties, such as superior biocompatibility, stability, excellent photoluminescence, simple green synthesis, and easy surface modification. CNDs have been featured in a host of applications, including bioimaging, biosensing, and therapy. In this review, we summarize the latest research progress of CNDs and discuss key advances in our comprehension of CNDs and their potential as biomedical tools. We highlighted the recent developments in the understanding of the functional tailoring of CNDs by modifying dopants and surface molecules, which have yielded a deeper understanding of their antioxidant behavior and mechanisms of action. The increasing amount of in vitro research regarding CNDs has also spawned interest in in vivo practices. Chief among them, we discuss the emergence of research analyzing CNDs as useful therapeutic agents in various disease states. Each subject is debated with reflection on future studies that may further our grasp of CNDs.
Highlights
Carbon nanodots (CNDs) are a novel addition to the family of nanomaterials, with exceptional biocompatibility, stability, fluorescence (Figure 1), and photoluminescence [1,2,3,4].The typical CNDs are
CNDs from microwave irradiation of date molasses scavenged hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions, which implies their use in cytoprotection due to oxidative stress
Curcumin loaded with CNDs increases the bioavailability in the cells [37]. These results indicate that CNDs may be an important curcumin carrier, which can improve the bioavailability of curcumin and enhance its anticancer properties at low concentrations
Summary
Carbon nanodots (CNDs) are a novel addition to the family of nanomaterials, with exceptional biocompatibility, stability, fluorescence (Figure 1), and photoluminescence [1,2,3,4]. CNDs have excitation-in/dependent photoluminescence that varies with structure, surface groups, defects, and environment They have been used in the “theranostic” approach that involves sensing and delivery and have peroxidase-like activity [8]. Top-down methods generally involve a larger carbon source beingsource fragmented fragmented into smaller increasingly smaller particles by using hydrothermal or cutting, solvothermal into increasingly particles by using hydrothermal or solvothermal laser cutting, laser ablation, chemical oxidation releasing or etching, and intercalation. These groups give CNDs hydrophilic qualities, in numerous synthetic procedures, resulting in CNDs exhibiting surface groups containing hydroxyl, carboxyl, and carbonyl groups These groups give CNDs hydrophilic qualwhich expands their use inuse biological systems and aqueous solutions.
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