Abstract
This present mini-review covers recently published results on Cu(I) and Cu(II) complexes immobilized on polystyrene carriers, which are used as heterogeneous, eco-friendly reusable catalysts applied for carbon–carbon and carbon–nitrogen forming reactions. Recent advances and trends in this area are demonstrated in the examples of oxidative homocoupling of terminal alkynes, the synthesis of propargylamines, nitroaldolization reactions, azide alkyne cycloaddition, N-arylation of nitrogen containing compounds, aza-Michael additions, asymmetric Friedel–Crafts reactions, asymmetric Mukaiyama aldol reactions, and asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides. The type of polystyrene matrix used for the immobilization of complexes is discussed in this paper, and particularly, the efficiency of the catalysts from the point of view of the overall reaction yield, and possible enantioselectivity and potential reusing, is reviewed.
Highlights
Preservation of the current standard of living for the human population is not further possible without the development of ecologically sustainable chemical processes and technologies [1,2]
Potentially applied at an industrial scale [64]. In this mini-review, we focused on Cu(I) and Cu(II) complexes anchored on pearl-like polystyrenes
The prepared heterogeneous catalysts were beneficially used for oxidative homocoupling of terminal
Summary
Preservation of the current standard of living for the human population is not further possible without the development of ecologically sustainable chemical processes and technologies [1,2]. The strategy of how to obtain recyclable catalysts belongs the immobilization of known homogeneous catalysts to the solid carriers [3,4,5]. The immobilization of the catalyst can be performed by the reaction of ligands or catalysts with suitably chemically activated polystyrene (post-modification strategy) [7]. Another possibility is the grafting of the ligand or catalyst containing a double bond from the reaction, with monomers generating the scaffold of the polymeric carrier (copolymerization strategy) [7]. There are many examples in chemical databases of recyclable catalysts based on complex compounds immobilized on different polymers.
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