Abstract
Green sample preparation is one of the most challenging aspects in green analytical chemistry. In this framework, miniaturized microextraction techniques have been developed and are widely performed due to their numerous positive features such as simplicity, limited need for organic solvents, instrumentation of low cost and short time of extraction. Also, ionic liquids (ILs) have unequivocally a “green” character, which they owe to their unique properties including the re-usage, the high reaction efficiency and selectivity in room temperature, the ability to dissolve both organic and inorganic compounds, and thermal stability. In the present review, the recent advances in the application of ionic liquids in miniaturized liquid and solid phase extraction techniques as extractants, intermediate solvents, mediators and desorption solvents are discussed, quoting the advantages and drawbacks of each individual technique. Some of the most important sample preparation techniques covered include solid-phase microextraction (SPME), dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), single-drop microextraction (SDME), stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), and stir cake sorptive extraction (SCSE).
Highlights
Sample preparation procedures are more than ever linked with the protection of the environment following the philosophy of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC)
Among the sample preparation methods used to clean up and concentrate analytes, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) are the most famous and widely used. These methods are accompanied with some drawbacks, such as time-consumption, high cost, inability to extract polar compounds, use and disposal of great amount of toxic solvents, complication to automate and potential evaporation and dissolution in a proper solvent prior the analysis, which adds an extra step in the whole procedure
The method showed high sensitivity and precision for the target compounds, and satisfactory relative recoveries from an application in real sample. He and co-workers developed an ionic liquid-based headspace single drop microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HS-single-drop microextraction (SDME)-HPLC) method for the determination of camphor and trans-anethole in licorice tablets [39]
Summary
Sample preparation procedures are more than ever linked with the protection of the environment following the philosophy of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC). Among the sample preparation methods used to clean up and concentrate analytes, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) are the most famous and widely used Despite their universal application, these methods are accompanied with some drawbacks, such as time-consumption, high cost, inability to extract polar compounds (mainly for LLE), use and disposal of great amount of toxic solvents, complication to automate and potential evaporation and dissolution in a proper solvent prior the analysis, which adds an extra step in the whole procedure. This review summarizes the recent advances in application of ionic liquids in miniaturized liquid and solid phase extraction techniques as extractants, intermediate solvents, mediators, and desorption solvents. As it is shown, the amount of published studies associated with ionic liquids has grown rapidly within the last decade. Applications of ionic liquids in sample preparation techniques (based on Scopus and ScienceDirect)
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