Abstract
Strategies to develop antifouling surface coatings are crucial for surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing in many analytical application fields, such as detecting human disease biomarkers for clinical diagnostics and monitoring foodborne pathogens and toxins involved in food quality control. In this review, firstly, we provide a brief discussion with considerations about the importance of adopting appropriate antifouling materials for achieving excellent performances in biosensing for food safety and clinical diagnosis. Secondly, a non-exhaustive landscape of polymeric layers is given in the context of surface modification and the mechanism of fouling resistance. Finally, we present an overview of some selected developments in SPR sensing, emphasizing applications of antifouling materials and progress to overcome the challenges related to the detection of targets in complex matrices relevant for diagnosis and food biosensing.
Highlights
One of the most challenging goals in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor development is to fabricate surfaces capable of highly selective and specific interactions with the analyte in a complex fluid such as human serum/plasma or heterogeneous food matrixes [1]
The antifouling phenomenon generally involves several cooperative mechanisms such as hydration, steric hindrance, ionic solvation, and charge balance [30,38]. Physicochemical properties, such as polymer chain flexibility, packing density, and molecular weight, play a critical role in providing the antifouling performance of hydrophilic polymers, which is tightly and primarily correlated with the formation of a hydrate layer that prevents the non-specific adsorption of molecular constituents on the surface
The immobilization orientation and efficiency depend on available functional groups and accessible areas of charge localized on the bioreceptor, which are highly variable when polymers, which is tightly and primarily correlated with the formation of a hydrate layer that prevents the non-specific adsorption of molecular constituents on the surface
Summary
One of the most challenging goals in SPR sensor development is to fabricate surfaces capable of highly selective and specific interactions with the analyte in a complex fluid such as human serum/plasma or heterogeneous food matrixes [1]. Some of them provide robust antifouling strategies, even successful for a variety of targets within human body fluids [8,9], they often suffer from slow response times, diffusion-limited kinetics, and degradation in consequence of the removal of the foulant, which may negatively affect the target detection Other hybrid approaches such as membrane cloaking [10], pretreating the surface with blank serum [11], adding dextran to the sample [12], and depleting the sample in background protein [13], succeeded to minimize the impact of the fouling effect but with numerous drawbacks in terms of sample handling or complexity. These platforms offer a challenging, non-invasive strategy towards the liquid biopsy approach [28] that requires higher performances to identify ultra-low-concentrated markers under increased fouling conditions [29] In this context, many efforts need to be directed towards designing antifouling materials that should provide surface coatings suitable for real-world applications in undiluted complex matrices with no unaltered sensitive and selective signal response [30]. Carboxymethyldextran Mixed SAM of PEG Copolymer brushes in conjugation with antibodies or aptamers
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