Abstract
The genus Castanea includes several tree species that are relevant because of their geographical extension and their multipurpose character, that includes nut and timber production. However, commercial exploitation of the trees is hindered by several factors, particularly by their limited regeneration ability. Regardless of recent advances, there exists a serious limitation for the propagation of elite genotypes of chestnut due to decline of rooting ability as the tree ages. In the present review, we summarize the research developed in this genus during the last three decades concerning the formation of adventitious roots (ARs). Focusing on cuttings and in vitro microshoots, we gather the information available on several species, particularly C. sativa, C. dentata and the hybrid C. sativa × C. crenata, and analyze the influence of several factors on the achievements of the applied protocols, including genotype, auxin treatment, light regime and rooting media. We also pay attention to the acclimation phase, as well as compile the information available about biochemical and molecular related aspects. Furthermore, we considerate promising biotechnological approaches that might enable the improvement of the current protocols.
Highlights
The genus Castanea belongs to the Fagaceae family and includes seven species of deciduous trees and shrubs [1]
We mainly focus on adventitious roots (ARs) developed from stem cuttings after auxin treatment, which generally initiate from cells neighboring vascular tissues, mostly cambium and parenchyma cells [13]
According to the model proposed by Da Costa et al [23], wounding is the initial event of the AR process in cuttings, triggering hormonal changes, and the subsequent activity of the auxin transport machinery would lead to the asymmetric accumulation of this hormone between neighboring tissues
Summary
The genus Castanea belongs to the Fagaceae family and includes seven species of deciduous trees and shrubs [1]. Plants 2020, 9, 1543 the effects of the chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus), an insect that can cause severe damage and death of the infested trees This insect has become a menace for the European and American chestnuts, as it has been introduced in their planting areas in the last decades, probably through the introduction of Asian-origin material for the generation of hybrids. Due to its long history of seedling cultivation and hybridization, the species of Castanea have produced many local genotypes and great heterozygosity [1], including a genotype-dependent rooting response This behavior hinders the establishment of general protocols for the genus, and specific research is required for every species, and generally for every genotype. We take into account the biochemical and molecular findings in these species that might pave the way for biotechnological progresses
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