Abstract
Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) are considered one of the most promising candidates for next-generation energy storage owing to their large energy capacity. Tremendous effort has been devoted to overcoming the inherent problems of LSBs to facilitate their commercialization, such as polysulfide shuttling and dendritic lithium growth. Pouch cells present additional challenges for LSBs as they require greater electrode active material utilization, a lower electrolyte–sulfur ratio, and more mechanically robust electrode architectures to ensure long-term cycling stability. In this review, the critical challenges facing practical Li–S pouch cells that dictate their energy density and long-term cyclability are summarized. Strategies and perspectives for every major pouch cell component—cathode/anode active materials and electrode construction, separator design, and electrolyte—are discussed with emphasis placed on approaches aimed at improving the reversible electrochemical conversion of sulfur and lithium anode protection for high-energy Li–S pouch cells.
Highlights
Molecules 2021, 26, 6341. https://Commercial Li-ion batteries with an oxide intercalation cathode, a liquid organic electrolyte, a polymer separator, and a carbon-based anode have been widely used and developed in recent years
Among the many secondary battery chemistries proposed to take the reins from Li-ion batteries, lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) are one of the most promising candidates owing to their high theoretical specific capacity (1675 mAh g−1 ), high energy density (2500 Wh kg−1 ), low cost, and nontoxicity [6,7,8]
We review each of these concepts and evaluate their validity in addressing the intrinsic problem in the Li–S pouch cell system operating under realistic conditions that they were designed to resolve
Summary
Commercial Li-ion batteries with an oxide intercalation cathode, a liquid organic electrolyte, a polymer separator, and a carbon-based anode have been widely used and developed in recent years. A plethora of strategies are being pursued to develop larger Li–S pouch cells that can satisfy all of the target parameters for commercialization—70% loading and 80% utilization of sulfur active material in cathode composite, an E/S ratio of 3 μL mg−1 , 3-fold lithium excess, and long-term stability [19,20,21,22]. We review each of these concepts and evaluate their validity in addressing the intrinsic problem in the Li–S pouch cell system operating under realistic conditions that they were designed to resolve
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