Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are considered as chemically inert materials and, therefore, being extensively applied in the areas of imaging, targeting, drug delivery and biosensors. Their unique properties such as low toxicity, biocompatibility, potent magnetic and catalytic behavior and superior role in multifunctional modalities have epitomized them as an appropriate candidate for biomedical applications. Recent developments in the area of materials science have enabled the facile synthesis of Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) offering easy tuning of surface properties and surface functionalization with desired biomolecules. Such developments have enabled IONPs to be easily accommodated in nanocomposite platform or devices. Additionally, the tag of biocompatible material has realized their potential in myriad applications of nanomedicines including imaging modalities, sensing, and therapeutics. Further, IONPs enzyme mimetic activity pronounced their role as nanozymes in detecting biomolecules like glucose, and cholesterol etc. Hence, based on their versatile applications in biomedicine, the present review article focusses on the current trends, developments and future prospects of IONPs in MRI, hyperthermia, photothermal therapy, biomolecules detection, chemotherapy, antimicrobial activity and also their role as the multifunctional agent in diagnosis and nanomedicines.
Highlights
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) possess unique properties, which are used to display several applications in biomedicine such as diagnostics, imaging, hyperthermia, magnetic separation, cell proliferation, tissue repair and drug delivery
Fe3O4 NPs differ from other IONPs due to the presence of both F e2+ and F e3+ combinations, where divalent ions are organized at the octahedral sites and trivalent ions are split across the tetrahedral and octahedral sites
The surface engineering of IONPs can be achieved by several methods through layering a coating material over the iron oxide core, to form core–shell structure or the NPs are dispersed in a matrix to form the beads (Gupta et al 2007)
Summary
IONPs possess unique properties, which are used to display several applications in biomedicine such as diagnostics, imaging, hyperthermia, magnetic separation, cell proliferation, tissue repair and drug delivery. Reguera et al designed a novel gold–iron oxide-based Janus magnetic-plasmonic NPs as contrast agents for imaging under CT, MRI, PAI, TEM, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and optical microscopy These complementary techniques allow obtaining maximum information and can serve as a multipurpose biomedical platform (Reguera et al 2017). Various metal and metal oxide-based nanomaterials such as IONPs, Gold, Silver, Copper, and nanosheets of graphene, M oS2, WS2 are shown to display horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-like activity These enzyme-mimetic activities are shown to be used for the construction of non-enzymatic biosensors to test the levels/concentrations of glucose, glutathione, cholesterol, H2O2, urea, creatinine and biomarkers for cancer diagnosis (Gawande et al 2016; Lin et al 2014a, b; Mahato et al 2018a, b; Vallabani et al 2017; Wang et al 2017; Zheng et al 2011). Wu et al developed a magnetic core–shell microgel system with immobilized GOx
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