Abstract
Hardness problems caused by Ca2+ and Mg2+ significantly impact human production and life, greatly hindering the effective use of water resources. Meanwhile, the effective extraction of mineral resources such as calcium and magnesium from industrial waste brine has triggered widespread concern. Due to its sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and low energy consumption, CDI in water treatment applications began to be constantly expanded in recent years, and its research in Ca2+ and Mg2+ selective removal showed a trend of increasing year by year. However, no comprehensive review offers a thorough analysis of this topic. Therefore, our review critically assesses CDI research advances related to calcium and magnesium ion elimination. This article reviews and categorizes general aspects of CDI and selective calcium and magnesium removal mechanisms, summarizing relevant electrode materials and highlighting factors influencing process performance. Following this, this review summarizes the current scenarios for selective application and envisions potential future applications. Finally, the challenges and perspectives in implementing CDI for the selective removal of calcium and magnesium ions have been discussed. The insights from this review will promote the further development of CDI in the field of Ca2+ and Mg2+ selective removal, as well as advance the in-depth research of CDI in ion-selective removal.
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