Recent Advances and Applications of Nanomaterials in Solid-Phase Extraction Technique

Abstract

AbstractSample pretreatment is an indispensable step during the analytical process of complex samples to enrich analytes and remove the interference of numerous matrices. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) column is developed through a combination of liquid–solid extraction and column liquid chromatography on the basis of the principle of selective distribution between solid sorbent and liquid solution. With its emergence, other SPE techniques have subsequently developed, such as pipette tip SPE, matrix solid-phase dispersion, dispersive SPE, and magnetic SPE. At present, magnetic SPE has received most attention due to the rapid separation by a magnet. Advances in nanomaterials promote the development of the SPE sorbent, which is an essential factor to obtain high adsorption capacity for the specific analyte. This chapter provides a detailed discussion about the application of various nanomaterials for extracting different analytes from complex samples, mainly focusing on metals and metal derivatives, metal-organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, magnetic nanomaterials (metallic elements and metallic alloys, iron-based metallic oxides, metal-organic frameworks-derived magnetic nanomaterials), carbon nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphitic carbon nitride, metal-organic frameworks-derived carbon nanomaterials), and molecularly imprinted polymer-based nanomaterials. The nanomaterials or their composites with the specific structure and property improved the extraction performance for organic species and heavy metal ions in real samples.KeywordsSolid-phase extractionCarbon nanomaterialsMagnetic nanomaterialsMetal-organic frameworksCovalent organic frameworksMolecularly imprinted polymer