Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs)/carbon nanodots are a new class of fluorescent carbon nanomaterials having an approximate size in the range of 2–10 nm. The majority of the reported review articles have discussed about the development of the CQDs (via simple and cost-effective synthesis methods) for use in bio-imaging and chemical-/biological-sensing applications. However, there is a severe lack of consolidated studies on the recently developed CQDs (especially doped/co-doped) that are utilized in different areas of application. Hence, in this review, we have extensively discussed about the recent development in doped and co-doped CQDs (using elements/heteroatoms—e.g., boron (B), fluorine (F), nitrogen (N), sulphur (S), and phosphorous (P)), along with their synthesis method, reaction conditions, and/or quantum yield (QY), and their emerging multi-potential applications including electrical/electronics (such as light emitting diode (LED) and solar cells), fluorescent ink for anti-counterfeiting, optical sensors (for detection of metal ions, drugs, and pesticides/fungicides), gene delivery, and temperature probing.
Highlights
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are a new class of fluorescent carbon nanomaterials having a size in the range of ~2–10 nm and are known by different names including carbogenic nanoparticles, carbon nanoparticles (CNPs), carbon dots (CDs), or carbon nanodots (CNDs)
In this review, we have systematically discussed the recent developments in the synthesis of the doped and co-doped CQDs, and about their emerging multi-potential applications, including electrical/electronics, fluorescent ink for anti-counterfeiting, optical sensors, gene delivery, and temperature probing
C 2019, 5, 24 the incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (IPCE) value is over 10% between
Summary
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are a new class of fluorescent carbon nanomaterials having a size in the range of ~2–10 nm and are known by different names including carbogenic nanoparticles, carbon nanoparticles (CNPs), carbon dots (CDs), or carbon nanodots (CNDs). It can be observed that most of the research workup to2011 has solely focused on the in vitro/in vivo bio-imaging application of the CQDs. after 2011, the CQDs are prepared—with/without doping and/or surface passivation/functionalization [24,25,26]—for wide range of applications including white light-emitting devices (WLEDs) [27], sensors for small chemical molecules (such as phosphates, glucose, and α-fetoprotein)/metal ions, and biological molecules (e.g., protein and deoxyribo-/ribo-nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)) [28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36], electroluminescence luminophore [37], self-cleaning infrared nano-sensors [38], fluorescent inks for printing luminescent patterns (useful in anti-counterfeit and optoelectronics/photoelectronics) [39,40,41,42], energy devices [43], photocatalysts and electrocatalysts [44], drug delivery [45,46], cancer therapy [47], and so on. In this review, we have systematically discussed the recent developments in the synthesis of the doped and co-doped CQDs, and about their emerging multi-potential applications, including electrical/electronics (such as LED and solar cells), fluorescent ink for anti-counterfeiting, optical sensors (for detection of metal ions, drugs, and pesticides/fungicides), gene delivery, and temperature probing
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