Abstract
Lead halide perovskites have gained more and more attention because of their ease of synthesis and excellent photoelectric properties including a large absorption coefficient, long carrier lifetime, long carrier diffusion length, and high carrier mobility. However, their toxicity, instability, and phase degradation in ambient environments impede their large-scale applications. To address these concerns, it is desirable to find stable alternative halide perovskites without toxicity and with comparable optoelectronic properties to lead-based perovskites. Over the years, a considerable number of lead-free halide perovskites have been added to this family of materials, including A2B’B’’X6, A2BX6, and A3B2X9 type perovskites. Among these, double perovskites with the general formula A2B’B’’X6 are deemed to be a potential alternative to lead halide perovskites as they possess good stability under ambient conditions and excellent optoelectronic properties. In this review, recent progress in exploring Pb-free halide double perovskites is highlighted. The synthesis, composition-tuning, physical properties, and applications of representative 3D, 2D, and nanocrystal A2B’B’’X6 double perovskites are introduced. In addition, perspectives about current challenges and solutions in this field are also provided.
Highlights
Lead halide perovskites with the general formula APbX3 where A = CH3 NH3 + (MA), CH(NH2 )2 +(FA) or Cs+ and X = crystal was of3 (Cl)−, Br−, or I− have emerged as a class of materials with promising photophysical properties in the last 10 years
This review summarizes recent advances in searching for new halide double perovskites
Crystals ~1 mm vanadium (III) in the B position and Na in the B' position was synthesized from VCl/V2O3, CsCl, and in size were grown using a hydrothermal approach in HCl [77]
Summary
Other divalent elements in the periodic table have been tried as a replacement for lead in the ABX3 , but these materials possess reduced optoelectronic properties due to a high value of bandgap, large carrier effective masses, and low absorption [24,25]. It has been proposed that two divalent lead ions may be substituted by combining one monovalent ion and one trivalent metal ion, or one tetravalent metal ion, to yield the same overall charge balance as the conventional APbX3 perovskites. Essential results of representative 3D, 2D, and nanocrystal halide double perovskites are highlighted
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