Recent advance of pH-sensitive nanocarriers targeting solid tumors

Abstract

pH sensitive nanocarriers have showed the tumor targeted drug delivery and release by enhanced permeability and retention effect and responsiveness of acidic pH conditions of the solid tumors. The protonation and deprotonation of the nanocarriers including pH sensitive polyelectrolytes has been considered as a major mechanism, resulting in substantial conformational change in response to marginal change in the tumor pH conditions. Considering the biocompatible properties for pharmaceutical applications, poly(amino acid) showed low polymer toxicity and the formation of versatile systems for advanced antitumor therapeutic effects. In here, recent researches using cationic (histidine, lysine, and arginine), anionic (aspartic acid and glutamic acid), and zwitterionic amino acid were summarized. Furthermore, pH sensitive nanogels with unique functionality and other pH sensitive polymers were briefly described. pH sensitive nanogels showed reversible drug release by pH cyclization minimizing drug loss and enhancing drug release. In the future, non-spherical pH sensitive nanocarriers would be anticipated to improve the therapeutic effect by long circulation and stealth effect by low phagocytosis.