Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have attracted increased interest and exhibited extended applications from nanotechnology to materials science, biomedicine, tissue engineering, as well as energy storage and environmental science. With the development of the synthesis and fabrication of 2D materials, a new family of 2D materials, metal carbides (MCs), revealed promising applications in recent years, and have been utilized for the fabrication of various functional 2D and three-dimensional (3D) nanomaterials for energy and environmental applications, ascribing to the unique physical and chemical properties of MCs. In this review, we present recent advance in the synthesis, fabrication, and applications of 2D and 3D MC-based nanomaterials. For this aim, we first summarize typical synthesis methods of MCs, and then demonstrate the progress on the fabrication of 2D and 3D MC-based nanomaterials. To the end, the applications of MC-based 2D and 3D materials for chemical batteries, supercapacitors, water splitting, photodegradation, removal of heavy metals, and electromagnetic shielding are introduced and discussed. This work provides useful information on the preparation, hybridization, structural tailoring, and applications of MC-based materials, and is expected to inspire the design and fabrication of novel and functional MXene materials with improved performance.
Highlights
Most metal carbides (MCs) can be obtained by selectively etching the A layer from the MAX phase by controlling the reaction time and hydrofluoric acid (HFA) concentration at low temperatures [36], because the M-A bonds are relatively weak and easy to break compared with the M-X bonds [37]
Compared to other 2D materials such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD)/transition metal oxides (TMO) materials, the extended applications of MCs have some limitations, and more efforts should be done in the future
The price of MCs is relatively high and not easy to synthesize, which inhibited their applications in practical applications
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. To improve the functionalities of MCs and extend their applications, various strategies have been utilized to tailor the properties, hybridization, and structures of MC-based. To improve the functionalities of MCs and extend their applications, various strategies have been utilized to tailor the properties, hybridization, and structures of MC-based materials. The principle of CVD is to introduce one or more gaseous substances into a reaction chamber while undergoing a chemical reaction, where a new material is deposited on the surface of the substrate It is currently the most widely used technology for large-scale industrial preparation of thin film materials. It is important that the developed CVD method is universal and can be adopted as a general strategy to manufacture a wide range of high-quality 2D ultrathin 2D MXene crystals, such as ultrathin. Due to its relatively high cost, complicated technology and precise control of processing conditions, the development of CVD for preparing MXene is restricted, and further research on exploring facile and cost-effective techniques for the fabrication of MXenes is needed
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