Abstract
In underwater sensor networks (UWSNs), the unique characteristics of acoustic channels have posed great challenges for the design of medium access control (MAC) protocols. The long propagation delay problem has been widely explored in recent literature. However, the long preamble problem with acoustic modems revealed in real experiments brings new challenges to underwater MAC design. The overhead of control messages in handshaking-based protocols becomes significant due to the long preamble in underwater acoustic modems. To address this problem, we advocate the receiver-initiated handshaking method with parallel reservation to improve the handshaking efficiency. Despite some existing works along this direction, the data polling problem is still an open issue. Without knowing the status of senders, the receiver faces two challenges for efficient data polling: when to poll data from the sender and how much data to request. In this paper, we propose a traffic estimation-based receiver-initiated MAC (TERI-MAC) to solve this problem with an adaptive approach. Data polling in TERI-MAC depends on an online approximation of traffic distribution. It estimates the energy efficiency and network latency and starts the data request only when the preferred performance can be achieved. TERI-MAC can achieve a stable energy efficiency with arbitrary network traffic patterns. For traffic estimation, we employ a resampling technique to keep a small computation and memory overhead. The performance of TERI-MAC in terms of energy efficiency, channel utilization, and communication latency is verified in simulations. Our results show that, compared with existing receiver-initiated-based underwater MAC protocols, TERI-MAC can achieve higher energy efficiency at the price of a delay penalty. This confirms the strength of TERI-MAC for delay-tolerant applications.
Highlights
Underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) have demonstrated a wide range of important applications in oceanographic data collection, pollution detection, and marine surveillance [1,2]
In TERI-medium access control (MAC), the cumulative density function (CDF) inversion sampling technique is employed to pull a number of samples from the large history dataset and utilize the most recently observed data to determine the trend of the network traffic
We designed a new receiver-initiated system based on traffic estimation, TERI-MAC
Summary
Underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) have demonstrated a wide range of important applications in oceanographic data collection, pollution detection, and marine surveillance [1,2]. Random access-based MAC protocols, such as those described in [8], are designed for simple implementation as well as robustness to adapt to dynamic networks Their high collision probability limits their application in energy-constrained underwater networks. Despite improving the energy efficiency and enabling data aggregations, existing solutions to receiver-initiated-based handshake MAC protocols face great challenges in terms of efficient data polling. The frequent information exchange between the sender and receiver leads to low efficiency in data communication Following this concern, we propose a receiver-initiated handshaking MAC with adaptive data polling. Receiver-initiated-based MACs have several advantages over sender-initiated-based handshaking protocols in data gathering applications of UWSNs, as will be discussed . We describe the major challenges in designing an efficient receiver-initiated-based MAC protocol
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