Abstract
Cardiac tissue engineering aims to generate in vivo-like functional tissue for the study of cardiac development, homeostasis, and regeneration. Since the heart is composed of various types of cells and extracellular matrix with a specific microenvironment, the fabrication of cardiac tissue in vitro requires integrating technologies of cardiac cells, biomaterials, fabrication, and computational modeling to model the complexity of heart tissue. Here, we review the recent progress of engineering techniques from simple to complex for fabricating matured cardiac tissue in vitro. Advancements in cardiomyocytes, extracellular matrix, geometry, and computational modeling will be discussed based on a technology perspective and their use for preparation of functional cardiac tissue. Since the heart is a very complex system at multiscale levels, an understanding of each technique and their interactions would be highly beneficial to the development of a fully functional heart in cardiac tissue engineering.
Highlights
Cardiac tissue engineering is the field of fabricating tissues that mimic the structural and functional characteristics of the heart to study cardiac development, homeostasis, and regeneration
Recreation an artificial microenvironment similar to the na3.4.adult in Cardiac of Engineering tive tissue can be obtained through the use of synthetic materials and techniques such as Synthetic extracellular matrix (ECM) overcome the limitations observed in naturally derived ECMs, such as the lack of functional cardiomyocyte maturation and typical structural organization of the adult myocardium
In the section on cardiomyocytes, we described how to prepare intact cardiomyocytes from other cells that are commonly available with no limitation
Summary
Cardiac tissue engineering is the field of fabricating tissues that mimic the structural and functional characteristics of the heart to study cardiac development, homeostasis, and regeneration. In addition to its role as a physical scaffold, cardiac ECM plays an important role in the transduction of biochemical and biophysical signals between cardiac cells, resulting in the maturation and homeostatic function of cardiomyocytes [11,12]. This suggests that the integration of a suitable ECM system into cardiac tissue engineering is a prerequisite for the preparation of mature cardiac tissue. We describe how to recapitulate the function and structure of the heart by utilizing the recently developed techniques and applications for advances in the field of cardiac tissue engineering (Figure 1).
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