Abstract
In 2009, the World health organization (WHO) referred to the problem of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance stating, “Antibiotic Resistance – one of the three greatest threats to human health.” In 2019 (i.e., just as the COVID-19 pandemic was evolving), more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections were identified in the United States, resulting in more than 35,000 deaths (CDC 2019). The initial laboratory assay which demonstrated the activity of an antibacterial compound was performed by Alexander Fleming. He showed that an extract from the mold, Penicillium rubens, could inhibit the growth of several species of Gram-positive bacteria – but not Gram-negative bacteria that were cross-streaked on agar against the diffused Penicillium compound.
Highlights
In 2009, the World health organization (WHO) referred to the problem of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance stating, “Antibiotic Resistance – one of the three greatest threats to human health.” In 2019, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections were identified in the United States, resulting in morethan 35,000 deaths (CDC 2019)
He showed that an extract from the mold, Penicillium rubens,could inhibit the growth of several species of Gram-positive bacteria – but not Gramnegative bacteria that were cross-streaked on agar against the diffused Penicillium compound
The interaction of microbe and anti-microbial agents, are interpreted in the form of categorical values: “S” – susceptible; “I” intermediate; “R” – resistant or with numerical equivalents that are defined by two major consensus groups – Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) in the United States and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) in the European Union
Summary
In 2009, the World health organization (WHO) referred to the problem of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance stating, “Antibiotic Resistance – one of the three greatest threats to human health.” In 2019 (i.e., just as the COVID-19 pandemic was evolving), more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections were identified in the United States, resulting in morethan 35,000 deaths (CDC 2019). In the 93 years since his discovery, clinical laboratories have developed antimicrobial testing methods (ASTs) in and on agar and in liquid media using a wide variety of manual and automated tests (Amsterdam 2014). The interaction of microbe and anti-microbial agents, are interpreted in the form of categorical values: “S” – susceptible; “I” intermediate; “R” – resistant or with numerical equivalents that are defined by two major consensus groups – Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) in the United States and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) in the European Union.
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