Abstract
Neglect of the angle dependence of rebound probabilities for cloud droplets colliding with hail pellets has led to an overestimate of the amounts of charge that can be separated with the Elster-Geitel mechanism. Application of the wind tunnel results obtained by Aufdermaur and Johnson suggests that the actual amounts of charge transferred may be less than 20% that assumed by ignoring the angle dependence. Observations of the charges carried by hail and rain particles within the bases of thunderclouds support these lower estimates and raise questions about the adequacy of the precipitation processes in explanations of thundercloud electrification.
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