Reassessment of the hydrologic soil group for runoff modelling

Abstract

The hydrologic soil group (HSG) is required for the determination of curve numbers (CN), which are used in a large number of hydrological models to calculate surface runoff during rain events of ungauged catchments. Despite the paramount importance of HSG, it is still based on an assumption made in 1955. We assessed HSG using 249 rainfall simulation experiments carried out in two sets of experiments examining seedbed conditions. One set analyzed the variation within a small (60 ha) catchment while the other examined 32 benchmark soils selected to cover the full range of arable soils on sloping land in temperate humid areas. The assumption made in 1955 that sandy and stony soils have a low HSG (A), while clayey soils of low permeability have a high HSG (D), cannot be supported. Instead, HSG appeared to be governed by surface sealing because CN increased with increasing silt content in the bulk soil and decreasing soil organic matter content in the fine earth fraction. An equation for calculating CN and, in turn, a HSG from these two parameters is provided. This equation also avoids classification-induced errors. The relation holds true for a wide range of rain properties (e.g., rain amount between 0.2 mm and 103 mm; event intensities between 2 mm h−1 and 80 mm h−1), slope gradients (2 %–24 %) and various soil properties (e. g., stone contents up to 40 %, clay contents up to 61 %, sand contents up to 87 %). The CN and, in turn, HSG remained constant throughout the events from the start of runoff until the end of the event, which was up to 49 h later in 32 cases. Autocorrelation within the catchment was strong and the full variation was found within 600 m. Even small catchments are, hence, heterogeneous and their runoff cannot be assigned to a single HSG or a single CN. Rejecting the assumption developed in 1955, which had not been verified since then, has important implications for hydrological modelling but also for the development, implementation and assessment of water conserving land use.