Reassessing the anomalous low frequencies in the Japanese koto

Abstract

A previous study reported on a finite element model of an indigenous Japanese 13-stringed zither (the koto) based on a CT scan. Frequencies above 100 Hz were relatively easy to account for, while those below 100 Hz were more problematic. Low frequencies have also been reported for the piano, another zither of similar length. The model has now been updated in a range of critical areas, including damping. The updates have resulted in a more precise resolution of the model. It allows us to reassess the anomalous low frequencies to determine if they have other rational explanations. This work continues to expand knowledge of the koto’s complex resonances and has broader applications for understanding the characteristic sounds of other wooden indigenous musical instruments.