Reasoning together

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Democracy is fundamentally an interactive endeavor that relies upon the collaborative reasoning of its citizens. In formal governing bodies, online interactions, and informal conversations, people engage in political talk in which they use reasons to convince, persuade, or justify. These interaction form a rich deliberative system which spans every level of political life, providing myriad venues for both everyday citizens and elites to clarify their thinking, share relevant information, persuade and be persuaded, and have a voice in determining what topics are important and how those topics should be discussed. At its best, such a deliberative system allows every citizen the power to both develop an informed opinion and play a role in developing the opinions of others. Of course, there is good reason to believe the ideal deliberative system has not been achieved - systemic power disparities, limits to human cognitive capacity, and tendencies towards blind partisanship all make a functional deliberative system appear desperately far away. However, if we are to accept as an ideal that citizens in a democracy should have their voices heard - that they should talk, reason, and work with others around matters of common concern - then we have an obligation to work towards that democratic ideal. This dissertation, therefore, aims to better understand several crucial elements of the deliberative system. Can a process of sharing reasons and ideas bring a group to better decisions? Do everyday citizens express themselves in individually distinctive ways or simply repeat party talking points? What drives people to engage in ongoing, repeated interactions around political topics? How can we measure phenomena related to the deliberative system in order to design and test possible interventions? This dissertation aims to address all these questions through a focus on three elements of the deliberative system: the exchange of arguments, the structure of individual-level reasoning, and the dynamics of ongoing conversation. Each of these elements has unique networked dynamics - they can be understood most fully by considering interconnections along a range of dimensions. Social networks influence the people and ideas we come into contact with, semantic networks influence the very words which are exchanged, and conversation itself has a network structure as participants respond to each other's comments. Indeed, the very notion of a "deliberative system" implies a richly interconnected symphony of dialogue. In short, the deliberative system cannot be thoroughly interrogated without network methods capable of considering the interconnectedness of reasoning and engagement. Therefore, each chapter further aims to build methods and models capable of strengthening our understanding of these richly interconnected systems. Specifically, this dissertation examines the effects of cognitive capacity and bias through an agent-based model, finding that agents can discover good solutions if they are willing to accept good information from others. It further explores the semantic and cognitive connections inherent in expressing a political view, finding that individuals express themselves in distinctive ways that are correlated with known personality traits and not merely a result of ideological talking points. Finally, this dissertation delves into the drivers of engagement in real-world, online conversations, finding that these conversations are surprisingly predictable, often driven by emotional and topical salience, and occur over a range of ideological divides. Taken together, this work suggests that a functional deliberative system may indeed be obtainable, and it provides conceptual frameworks and methodological tools for moving towards such an ideal.