Abstract
AbstractProcesses of reasoning are divided into two main types: deductive and reductive. Deductive reasoning begins with a set of premises and concludes with a set of inferences obtained by specified rules of deduction, whereas reductive reasoning tries to obtain a set of premises/causes for an observed set of facts. In this chapter, we present the reader with some basic schemes of deductive reasoning. We begin with sentential calculus (propositional logic) which sets the pattern of deductive reasoning and then we discuss many–valued propositional calculi, predicate calculus, and modal calculi. Analysis of these types of reasoning results in notions which are relevant also for reductive types of reasoning, in particular, for rough and fuzzy types of reasoning discussed in the next chapter as examples of reductive reasoning.KeywordsModal LogicPropositional CalculusConjunctive Normal FormDeductive ReasoningPropositional VariableThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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