Abstract
The boletoid genera Butyriboletus and Exsudoporus have recently been suggested by some researchers to constitute a single genus, and Exsudoporus was merged into Butyriboletus as a later synonym. However, no convincing arguments have yet provided significant evidence for this congeneric placement. In this study, we analyze material from Exsudoporus species and closely related taxa to assess taxonomic and phylogenetic boundaries between these genera and to clarify species delimitation within Exsudoporus. Outcomes from a multilocus phylogenetic analysis (ITS, nrLSU, tef1-α and rpb2) clearly resolve Exsudoporus as a monophyletic, homogenous and independent genus that is sister to Butyriboletus. An accurate morphological description, comprehensive sampling, type studies, line drawings and a historical overview on the nomenclatural issues of the type species E. permagnificus are provided. Furthermore, this species is documented for the first time from Israel in association with Quercus calliprinos. The previously described North American species Exsudoporus frostii and E. floridanus are molecularly confirmed as representatives of Exsudoporus, and E. floridanus is epitypified. The eastern Asian species Leccinum rubrum is assigned here to Exsudoporus based on molecular evidence, and a new combination is proposed. Sequence data from the original material of the Japanese Boletus kermesinus were generated, and its conspecificity with L. rubrum is inferred as formerly presumed based on morphology. Four additional cryptic species from North and Central America previously misdetermined as either B. frostii or B. floridanus are phylogenetically placed but remain undescribed due to the paucity of available material. Boletus weberi (syn. B. pseudofrostii) and Xerocomus cf. mcrobbii cluster outside of Exsudoporus and are herein assigned to the recently described genus Amoenoboletus. Biogeographic distribution patterns are elucidated, and a dichotomous key to all known species of Exsudoporus worldwide is presented.
Highlights
Red-pored boletes were originally placed in Boletus Fr. sect
The aligned multigene matrix contained a total of 96 samples and 3302 aligned bases with gaps (Supplementary File S1)
bootstrap support (BS) and posterior probability (PP) values was selected for the purposes of display (Figure 1)
Summary
Red-pored boletes were originally placed in Boletus Fr. sect. Due to the obvious diversity and phenotypic variability of this large assemblage of boletoid mushrooms, it has long been challenging to address their true phylogenetic affinities based solely on conventional research techniques. Based on recent phylogenetic analyses, the historical and long-established genera of Boletaceae, including Boletus, Leccinum, Pulveroboletus, Tylopilus, Xerocomus, etc., have been shown to be polyphyletic [15,16,17,18]. These genera contain species from multiple unrelated lineages and have recently undergone dramatic taxonomic reassessments
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