Real-time, selective detection of Pb(2+) in water using a reduced graphene oxide/gold nanoparticle field-effect transistor device.

Abstract

A field-effect transistor (FET) device-based sensor is developed to specifically detect Pb(2+) ions in an aqueous environment that is notably toxic. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO), as the semiconducting channel material, was utilized in the FET device through a self-assembly method. An l-glutathione reduced was employed as the capture probe for the label-free detection. By monitoring the electrical characteristics of the FET device, the performance of the sensor was measured and investigated. Compared with conventional detection technologies, this sensor enabled real-time detection with a response time of 1-2 s. A lower detection limit for Pb(2+) ions as low as 10 nM was achieved, which is much lower than the maximum contaminant level for Pb(2+) ions in drinking water recommended by the World Health Organization. Furthermore, the rGO FET sensor was able to distinguish Pb(2+) from other metal ions. Without any sample pretreatment, the platform is user-friendly.