Abstract
This paper presents a real-time dispatch strategy for coupled transmission and distribution systems within a distributed and cooperative control framework to maintain reliable and secure operation with minimum generation costs and maximum renewable energy consumption. The presented strategy transforms each distribution system into a dispatchable active source via an average-consensus-based active power control of renewable distributed energy resources (DERs) at the distribution level and then dispatches the active power reference of conventional generators as well as the distribution systems in a measurement-based way at a transmission level. The voltage fluctuation caused by the DER active power control is smoothened with a distributed voltage control method, which can also reduce the active power loss in the distribution systems. Compared to existing real-time dispatch strategies, the proposed strategy can eliminate security issues in the transmission system in a short time by regulating large amounts of DERs at a distribution level in a simple and easy controlled structure, in which the differences in the communication conditions and privacy requirements between the distribution and transmission systems are adequately considered.
Highlights
With the growing penetration of renewable distributed energy resources (DERs) in distribution systems, the uncertain active power injection of DERs may be reflected in the net load fluctuations at the transmission level, which can deflect the operating points of the transmission system from the schedules and lead to security problems [1,2,3]
The active power injection of all the DERs should be regulated to maintain the total active power injected into the transmission system at the reference, which is optimized at the transmission level
ITpower infrastructure to obtain more. To this potential risk,tothe proposed method decreases the active injected from the 33-bus robustness against model uncertainties, while a distributed structure with limited broadcast systems into the transmission level, as shown in Figure 4, which can solve the security problem within was used at the distribution level to adapt to the lack of communication
Summary
With the growing penetration of renewable distributed energy resources (DERs) in distribution systems, the uncertain active power injection of DERs may be reflected in the net load fluctuations at the transmission level, which can deflect the operating points of the transmission system from the schedules and lead to security problems [1,2,3]. Real-time dispatch [4,5] has been proposed to adjust these deviations based on measurements to maintain a secure operation, but the low ramp rate of conventional dispatchable generators at the transmission level limits their ability to rapidly respond to uncertain fluctuations and eliminate security risks on short notice. To solve this problem, a promising approach is to integrate the active power control of DERs into the real-time dispatch framework to fully exploit the high-ramp-rate inverters of DERs [6,7]. To achieve the above, the following difficulties must be overcome
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