Real-Time Analysis of Intracranial Pressure Waveform Morphology

Abstract

The cranial vault is composed of four fundamental components: arterial blood, venous blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain parenchyma. Intracranial pressure (ICP) represents the pressure within the brain parenchyma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The environment within the cranial vault is unique compared to other organ systems; it is enclosed within a rigid skull and thus small volumetric changes in any of the four elements lead to significant changes in ICP. One example of this, is the periodic influx of arterial blood over the cardiac cycle; this change causes the ICP pulse pressure waveform. The pulse pressure waveform has three characteristic peaks hypothesized to correspond to different physiologic components. Early work [1] demonstrated the relationship between pulsations in the choroid plexus and the pulse pressure waveform. Moreover, other studies [2] compared the right atrium (venous) and the aortic (arterial) pressures to the intracranial waveform in the cistern magna and showed that although the cranial pulse pressure is related to arterial pulsations, there is also a venous component. The results of these studies support the current theories for the etiology of the characteristic peaks in the ICP pulse pressure waveform. The majority of the literature indicates that P1, the percussion wave, corresponds with the pulsation of the choroid plexus and/or large intracranial conductive vessels [3-5]. The rebound of the percussion wave is thought to contribute to P2, which has also been related to cerebral compliance [5]. Finally, the dicrotic wave, or P3, is thought to be venous in origin [2, 4, 6].