Abstract
This article presents an approach for industrial roll-to-roll (R2R) deposition of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) thin films on stainless steel foil for use as absorber layers in flexible thin-film solar cells. The hybrid-CIGSe-deposition-process combines magnetron sputtering with evaporation techniques and allows the realization of a double graded CIGSe layer, reaching a conversion efficiency of currently up to 14.0% (w/o antireflective coating). The influence of different power settings of the individual magnetrons on the gallium profile is described. For a deeper understanding of differences between a static and an R2R process, a calculated flux diagram is presented. In the second part of this contribution, the homogeneity of the industrial scale samples is discussed by comparing the change in CGI and GGI over the foil width of 30 cm. The hybrid-CIGSe-deposition-process excels in a straightforward scalability for industrial usage due to the application of planar magnetron sputtering sources as metal vapor supply.
Highlights
C IGSe thin-film devices have reached a competitive record efficiency of 23.35% as a single junction cell [1], but have demonstrated suitability as bottom cells in highly efficient multijunction solar cells [2], [3]
The R2R deposition technique combines magnetron sputtering with evaporation techniques and its major advantage is a straightforward scalability
In order to characterize the compositional in-depth gradients in the CIGSe absorber, glow-discharge optical emission spectrometry (GD-OES) measurements were performed at HelmholtzZentrum Berlin (HZB) and ZSW
Summary
C IGSe thin-film devices have reached a competitive record efficiency of 23.35% as a single junction cell [1], but have demonstrated suitability as bottom cells in highly efficient multijunction solar cells [2], [3]. Previous deposition of CISe absorber layers with the R2R hybrid-CISe-process [7] resulted in a conversion efficiency of > 10%. This contribution focuses on the introduction of gallium in the process to form alloyed CIGSe layers with the R2R hybridCIGSe-process. The extension to the proceeding focuses on the evaluation of the resulting homogeneity in view of industrial application and gives detailed insight in the basics of the R2R hybrid-CIGSe-process
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