Abstract
During interventional procedures, the deficiencies of nonstereoscopic vision increase the difficulty of identifying the anteroposterior direction and pathways of vessels. Therefore, achieving real-time stereoscopic vision during interventional procedures is meaningful. Pairs of X-ray images were captured with identical parameter settings, except for different rotation angles (represented as the α angle). The resulting images at these α angles were used as left-eye and right-eye views and were horizontally merged into single left-right 3D images. Virtual reality (VR) glasses were used for achieving stereo vision. Pairs of X-ray images from four angiographies with different α angles (1.8–3.4°) were merged into left-right 3D images. Observation with VR glasses can produce realistic stereo views of vascular anatomical structure. The results showed that the optimal α angles accepted by the brain for generating stereo vision were within a narrow range (approximately 1.4–4.1°). Subsequent tests showed that during transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, 3D X-ray stereoscopic images provided significantly improved spatial discrimination and convenience for identifying the supply vessels of a liver tumor and its anteroposterior direction compared with plain X-ray images (all P < 0.01). Real-time X-ray stereoscopic vision can be easily achieved via the straightforward method described herein and has the potential to benefit patients during interventional procedures.
Highlights
Using Virtual reality (VR) glasses or red-blue 3D glasses to observe the above images, the supply vessels and anteroposterior direction of overlapping vessels in the tumor can be quickly and visualized, and the spatial direction of the vessels and the surrounding anatomic structure can be more identified than when using plain X-ray images
Using VR glasses or red-blue 3D glasses to observe the resulting image, a stereoscopic perspective of the arterial branches and their anteroposterior direction can be quickly visualized, and the spatial direction of the vessel and surrounding anatomic structure can be more identified than when using plain X-ray images
The results showed that the improvement of spatial discrimination on the basis of X-ray stereoscopic vision was equal among the six participants (P = 0.735, Friedman Test, Table 1)
Summary
In a third test, during left internal carotid angiography in a patient undergoing cerebrovascular intervention, corresponding plain X-ray images with two different rotation angles (LAO 22.8°/24.6°) were captured. To validate the spatial discrimination capability of stereoscopic X-ray images, the six participants were invited to complete both primary and secondary tests, identifying the supply vessels and distinguishing the anteroposterior direction of overlapping vessels.
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