Abstract
The environmental research program of the United States military has set up blind tests for detection and discrimination of unexploded ordnance. One such test consists of measurements taken with the EM-63 sensor at Camp Sibert, AL. We review the performance on the test of a procedure that combines a field-potential (HAP) method to locate targets, the normalized surface magnetic source (NSMS) model to characterize them, and a support vector machine (SVM) to classify them. The HAP method infers location from the scattered magnetic field and its associated scalar potential, the latter reconstructed using equivalent sources. NSMS replaces the target with an enclosing spheroid of equivalent radial magnetization whose integral it uses as a discriminator. SVM generalizes from empirical evidence and can be adapted for multiclass discrimination using a voting system. Our method identifies all potentially dangerous targets correctly and has a false-alarm rate of about 5%.
Highlights
The millions of unexploded ordnance (UXO) strewn about in former battlefields and military practice ranges, of which a significant fraction involve marine or underwater environments, constitute a pressing humanitarian and environmental hazard worldwide [1]
We review the performance on the test of a procedure that combines a field-potential (HAP) method to locate targets, the normalized surface magnetic source (NSMS) model to characterize them, and a support vector machine (SVM) to classify them
In 2006, researchers affiliated with Sky Research, Inc. collected data at Camp Sibert using the EM-63, a cart-based step-off time-domain electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor produced by Geonics Ltd. [2]
Summary
The millions of unexploded ordnance (UXO) strewn about in former battlefields and military practice ranges, of which a significant fraction involve marine or underwater environments, constitute a pressing humanitarian and environmental hazard worldwide [1]. The high false-alarm rates of current sensors and the need to treat every detected anomaly as potentially dangerous result in decontamination costs running into the millions of dollars per acre and extend remediation timescales by decades if not centuries. This state of affairs can only be resolved by developing methodologies that will quickly and reliably identify hazardous items and discriminate them from the morass of innocuous clutter typically found in the field. In 2006, researchers affiliated with Sky Research, Inc. collected data at Camp Sibert using the EM-63, a cart-based step-off time-domain electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor produced by Geonics Ltd. In this paper we use those data to demonstrate the performance of a physically complete, fast and clutter-tolerant discrimination approach developed at Dartmouth College and the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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