Real-time validation of optimal energy management in DC microgrids by using modified rejection controller based improved sparrow search algorithm

Abstract

For optimal energy management in the DC microgrid, there are two major challenges, such as minimization of operational cost and balancing the power flow. Most of the benchmark techniques are used to develop energy management systems (EMS) by demonstrating either cost optimization or availability of power optimization. Unlike, a new optimal energy management (OEM) approach is introduced in this paper by considering both the operational cost and power flow during the grid-connected scenario in the DC ring microgrid (DCRM). To attain the OEM in the DCRM, a multi-objective optimization model is developed by utilizing major constraints, such as minimization of operational cost and power availability through a modified active disturbance rejection controller (M-ADRC) based improved sparrow search algorithm (ISSA). The improved nature of SSA is obtained by hybridizing the sine-cosine and Tent chaotic functions with SSA, i.e., SC-CSSA to avoid premature convergence in SSA. On the other hand, the disturbance rejection controller is modified by replacing the extended state observer (ESO) with a communication delay in non-linear ESO to enhance the robustness of the proposed DCRM. The main role of this controller is to regulate the fluctuations by maintaining stability in the voltage profile during various operating conditions. Further, the proposed M-ADRC based SC-CSSA algorithm results are validated over benchmark techniques to evidence the superiority of the proposed algorithm. To ensure realistic performance and robustness, the algorithm is validated in a real-time environment through hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) operation with the dSPACE DS1104 embedded processor. This testing approach guarantees simplicity, practicality, and effectiveness.