Abstract
Electric vehicles (EVs) have become one of the promising power grid ancillary services. They can help reduce the intermittent of renewable energy sources by supporting active power and frequency control services. Additionally, bi-directional chargers included into EV batteries can supply/consume reactive power for voltage regulation. To improve voltage quality, a unique control approach is devised to offer fault ride-through. In this study, real-time charging optimization schemes based on particle swarm optimization are developed to coordinate the EVs charging/discharging power with the grid power dispatches depending on the charging priority and preferential electricity prices. Five different car user profiles including different initial state of charge and plug in state have been depicted. Different optimum issues are carried out with comprehensive simulations employing hardware in the loop via real-time simulation for a modified IEEE 14-bus test system. Where different frequency and voltage controls, management strategies, variant fault scenarios, benefits, and challenges for power system regulation with EVs are illustrated. According to the simulation results, the proposed optimized charging strategies reduce the total expenses of EV parking station by 40 % compared to other cases, hence maximizing EV owner satisfaction. The net load curve is smoothed and reduced by 11 %, particularly during peak period.
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