Abstract
Increasing demand on electrical energy coupled with lack of new distribution facilities create a potential threat that can eventually sprawl to jeopardize the distribution system reliability. The variability characteristics of wind energy sources present a fundamental problem to its smooth integration in the distribution feeders, in a large proportion. Energy storage (ES) systems and demand response (DR) technique have the potential to improve the flexibility of distribution network, by allowing two ways of freedom for the distribution network operator (DNO), to support mitigation of demand-supply balance issues, and thereby the share of renewable energy sources (RESs) or improve penetration levels of renewables. By shifting electricity supply and customer demand patterns, this paper applies real time pricing and energy storage not only to significantly increase the penetration of wind energy, but also to offer other important value to shifts demand to times of relatively high renewable energy resources and low load; and by storing energy during off-peak, with less line losses, and redispatching this energy when needed. The results show that real time pricing and energy storage can effectively provide demand-supply benefits to the distribution network and customers.
Highlights
Energy storage (ES) systems and demand response (DR) technique have the potential to improve the flexibility of distribution network, by allowing two ways of freedom for the distribution network operator (DNO), to support mitigation of demand-supply balance issues, and thereby the share of renewable energy sources (RESs) or improve penetration levels of renewables [1] (Alharbi and Bhattacharya 2013)
Real time pricing (RTP), one of the DR tools used in this paper is more flexible because its price varies on hourly basis [5]
RTP is more flexible because its price varies on hourly basis [5] and it is very effective in shaping the load demand, peak-load reduction and reduction of load demand variation
Summary
Energy storage (ES) systems and demand response (DR) technique have the potential to improve the flexibility of distribution network, by allowing two ways of freedom for the distribution network operator (DNO), to support mitigation of demand-supply balance issues, and thereby the share of renewable energy sources (RESs) or improve penetration levels of renewables [1] (Alharbi and Bhattacharya 2013). The main benefits are related to maintaining grid balance, loss reduction for the DNO and capacity support. Deployment of ES throughout the grid from generation station to customers present an opportunity to transcend the power balance paradigm by storing energy during off-peak, with less line losses, and redispatching this energy when needed [2, 3] (Roberts and Sandberg 2011), (Petinrin and Shaaban 2013).
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