Abstract
We have developed a real-time (8 to 30 fps) photoacoustic (PA) imaging system with a linear-array transducer for burn depth assessment. In this system, PA signals originating from blood in the noninjured tissue layer located under the injured tissue layer are detected and imaged. A compact home-made high-repetition-rate (500 Hz) 532-nm fiber laser was incorporated as a light source. We used an alternating arrangement for the fibers and sensor elements in the probe, which improved the signal-to-noise ratio, reducing the required laser energy power for PA excitation. This arrangement also enabled a hand-held light-weight probe design. A phantom study showed that thin light absorbers embedded in the tissue-mimicking scattering medium at depths >3 mm can be imaged with high contrast. The maximum error for depth measurement was 140 μm. Diagnostic experiments were performed for rat burn models, including superficial dermal burn, deep dermal burn, and deep burn models. Injury depths (zones of stasis) indicated by PA imaging were compared with those estimated by histological analysis, showing discrepancies 200 μm. The system was also used to monitor the healing process of a deep dermal burn. The results demonstrate the potential usefulness of the present system for clinical burn diagnosis.
Highlights
For severe burn patients, the depth and area of injury are two crucial factors determining long-term function and mortality
In terms of injury depth, burns are classified into epidermal burn, superficial dermal burn (SDB), deep dermal burn (DDB), and deep burn (DB)
Since the deepest absorption layer at ∼4 mm can be visualized with high contrast, the results show the capability of visualizing vasculatures in fullthickness human skin tissue with the present imaging system
Summary
The depth and area of injury are two crucial factors determining long-term function and mortality. In terms of injury depth, burns are classified into epidermal burn, superficial dermal burn (SDB), deep dermal burn (DDB), and deep burn (DB). In cases of DDB, in which injury reaches the deep dermis, the injury is often exacerbated by infection, and antibiotic treatment is important. Many efforts have been made to develop a valid system for clinical burn diagnosis. Various systems, including a laser Doppler blood flow imager,[1] polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,[2] and a video microscope,[3] have been developed and tested, but their measurement depths are limited to ∼1 mm or less, which is not sufficient for human skin diagnosis, or the measurement is not quantitative in principle
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