Abstract
Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) and laser lithotripsy (LL) have been widely used for clinical treatment of kidney stones. Cavitation plays an important role in stone fragmentation in both SWL and LL, yet it may also contribute to renal tissue injury. It is therefore crucial to determine the spatiotemporal distributions of cavitation activities to maximize stone fragmentation while minimizing tissue injury. Passive cavitation mapping (PCM) has most practical applications in deep biological tissues and is most promising for clinical translation. We have developed a set of technologies for 2D/3D PCM that can be seamlessly integrated with ultrasound imaging and photoacoustic imaging. Our 2D/3D PCM has achieved a spatial resolution of hundreds of micrometers and a temporal resolution of several microseconds. We also developed a transient angular spectrum approach for PCM reconstruction, which is ten times faster than the traditional delay-and-sum method. Using the 2D/3D PCM system, we imaged shockwave- and laser-induced single cavitation bubbles in both free field and constricted space, as well as on large animal models. Collectively, our results have demonstrated the high reliability and spatial-temporal accuracy of the 2D/3D PCM approach, which paves the way for future in vivo applications and human studies during SWL and LL.
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