Abstract
Fibre lasers are light sources that are synonymous with stability. They can give rise to highly coherent continuous-wave radiation, or a stable train of mode locked pulses with well-defined characteristics. However, they can also exhibit an exceedingly diverse range of nonlinear operational regimes spanning a multi-dimensional parameter space. The complex nature of the dynamics poses significant challenges in the theoretical and experimental studies of such systems. Here, we demonstrate how the real-time experimental methodology of spatio-temporal dynamics can be used to unambiguously identify and discern between such highly complex lasing regimes. This two-dimensional representation of laser intensity allows the identification and tracking of individual features embedded in the radiation as they make round-trip circulations inside the cavity. The salient features of this methodology are highlighted by its application to the case of Raman fibre lasers and a partially mode locked ring fibre laser operating in the normal dispersion regime.
Highlights
Fiber lasers are systems capable of exhibiting nonlinear dynamics over a staggering array of operational regimes spanning a multi-dimensional parameter space [1].The complete characterization of a fibre laser over this whole space is a daunting task, especially when the regime of operation can become highly dynamic or chaotic, and the typical time scales of evolution are of the order of the laser cavity round trip time, or even less
It is shown how the use of the spatio-temporal methodology helps in the unambiguous identification and discernment between the staggering diversity of lasing regimes in both systems, highlighting the relevance of identification of lasing regimes on the basis of their spatio-temporal dynamics rather than one-dimensional temporal variations of intensity alone
The peak progressively shifting with T2 indicates the possible existence of coherent features moving with a distinct velocity; and (d) the spatio-temporal dynamics of the background corresponding to its rest frame, revealing the existence of dark solitons
Summary
Fiber lasers are systems capable of exhibiting nonlinear dynamics over a staggering array of operational regimes spanning a multi-dimensional parameter space [1]. The complete characterization of a fibre laser over this whole space is a daunting task, especially when the regime of operation can become highly dynamic or chaotic, and the typical time scales of evolution are of the order of the laser cavity round trip time, or even less Such dynamics can manifest themselves in the form of soliton rains [2,3] and molecules [4], soliton explosions [5,6,7], optical turbulence [8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15] and rogue waves [16,17,18,19,20,21]. Partially mode locked fibre lasers (Section 3.2), highlighting its strengths and salient features in the process
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