Real-time guidance by deep learning of experienced operators to improve the standardization of echocardiographic acquisitions

Abstract

Abstract Aims Impaired standardization of echocardiograms may increase inter-operator variability. This study aimed to determine whether the real-time guidance of experienced sonographers by deep learning (DL) could improve the standardization of apical recordings. Methods and results Patients (n = 88) in sinus rhythm referred for echocardiography were included. All participants underwent three examinations, whereof two were performed by sonographers and the third by cardiologists. In the first study period (Period 1), the sonographers were instructed to provide echocardiograms for the analyses of the left ventricular function. Subsequently, after brief training, the DL guidance was used in Period 2 by the sonographer performing the second examination. View standardization was quantified retrospectively by a human expert as the primary endpoint and the DL algorithm as the secondary endpoint. All recordings were scored in rotation and tilt both separately and combined and were categorized as standardized or non-standardized. Sonographers using DL guidance had more standardized acquisitions for the combination of rotation and tilt than sonographers without guidance in both periods (all P ≤ 0.05) when evaluated by the human expert and DL [except for the apical two-chamber (A2C) view by DL evaluation]. When rotation and tilt were analysed individually, A2C and apical long-axis rotation and A2C tilt were significantly improved, and the others were numerically improved when evaluated by the echocardiography expert. Furthermore, all, except for A2C rotation, were significantly improved when evaluated by DL (P < 0.01). Conclusion Real-time guidance by DL improved the standardization of echocardiographic acquisitions by experienced sonographers. Future studies should evaluate the impact with respect to variability of measurements and when used by less-experienced operators. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04580095