Abstract
An electro-optic detector is one of the diagnostic setups used in particle accelerators. It employs an electro-optic crystal to encode the longitudinal beam charge profile in the spectrum of a light pulse. The charge distribution is then reconstructed using data captured by a fast spectrometer. The measurement repetition rate should match or exceed the machine bunching frequency, which is often in the range of several MHz. A high-speed optical line detector (HOLD) is a linear camera designed for easy integration with scientific experiments. The use of modern FPGA circuits helps in the efficient collection and processing of data. The solution is based on Xilinx 7-Series FPGA circuits and implements a custom latency-optimized architecture utilizing the AXI4 family of interfaces. HOLD is one of the fastest line cameras in the world. Thanks to its hardware architecture and a powerful KALYPSO sensor from KIT, it outperforms the fastest comparable commercial devices.
Highlights
One of the indicators of an accelerator’s performance is its beam current
During an 8 h test, a simple pattern generator was used to provide bursts of data corresponding to ADC sampling 256 channels with 16-bit resolution at 4.5 million frames per second
Memory and transferred over an optical link to the Data Transmission Module (DTM), from where they were provided to the CPU
Summary
One of the indicators of an accelerator’s performance is its beam current. To maximize this figure, the electron bunches traveling along the accelerator beam pipe must be kept as short as possible. The bunch leaves the accelerator with a nominal energy of 17.5 GeV, which means that electrons travel at the speed of 0.9999999996 · c (every single electron has kinetic energy comparable to a falling snowflake). To obtain an overview of a beam composition, it is essential to evaluate the longitudinal electric charge distribution in these packets of 20 μm length. Several methods of measuring the bunch longitudinal charge profile have been developed, such as with the use of transverse deflecting structures (TDS) [2]. The charge is deposited along the screen, which is in turn observed by an image sensor
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