Abstract
Long-period signal (LPs, 0.2–2 s) and very long-period signal (VLP, 2–100 s) observed in the shallow volcanic plumbing system are typically repetitive and time-invariant in their location and source mechanism, offering in-situ probes of hot fluid transport over the eruption cycles. While the amplitude and activity of volcanic-tectonic earthquakes and LP events have been commonly used to infer overpressure within their source region, one missing link is an observable that may permit inference on the change in the permeability of the conduit plug/wall, which can regulate the degree of pressurization, affect the mechanical strength of the surrounding rock, and consequently the likelihood of an upcoming eruption. Here we show that during the 2011–2016 eruption cycle at Aso volcano in Japan, long-period tremor events, a VLP of ~15 s period, with opposite waveform polarity can be systematically detected and categorized as pressurization and depressurization events in the same crack-like conduit. We suggest that, depending on the strength of the surrounding rock and the permeability of the crack-like conduit wall/plug, pressurization due to magmatic heat and vaporization is more likely to occur when a less permeable conduit plug/wall can effectively keep the gas inside the crack-like conduit. On the other hand, depressurization is prone to occur if the conduit wall/plug permeability is sufficiently high to allow gas to escape from the conduit. Considering the amplitude of LPT proportional to the conduit overpressure, contrasting energetics of these diverse LPT events allows us to define whether the conduit is prone to pressurization or depressurization, providing a framework to infer how the permeability of the conduit wall/plug may evolve over an eruption cycle.
Highlights
Understanding how a volcano works and foreseeing future eruptions are the ultimate goals in volcanology
Conduit pressure is dictated by accumulated gas pressure, which largely depends on magma flow rate, magma viscosity, volatile solubility, and permeability of magma, conduit wall and the formation of conduit plug
very long-period signal (VLP) was first reported by Sassa in 1935 (Sassa, 1935), and it was categorized as volcanic micro-tremors of the second kind, with a period of 5–8 s
Summary
Understanding how a volcano works and foreseeing future eruptions are the ultimate goals in volcanology. An increased conduit overpressure may be due to fast gas accumulation, low magma permeability, a stronger and more impermeable conduit wall/plug, resulting in pressurization. At Aso volcano, VLP waveforms with opposite polarity are understood as a result of depressurization and pressurization of the shallow conduit near sea level, and they are linked to outgassing and magmatic heating in the same source region (e.g., Kaneshima et al, 1996). After the October 2016 eruption, the crater lake level gradually recovered, effectively marking the end of the 2011–2016 eruption cycle
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