Abstract
Abstract To illuminate mechanisms supporting diversity in plant communities, we construct 2D cellular automata and ‘grow’ virtual plants in real experiments. The plants are 19 different, fully validated functional types drawn from universal adaptive strategy theory. The scale of approach is far beyond that of even the most ambitious investigations in the physical world. By simulating 496 billion plant–environment interactions, we succeed in creating conditions that sustain high diversity realistically and indefinitely. Our simulations manipulate the levels of, and degree of heterogeneity in the supply of, resources, external disturbances and invading propagules. We fail to reproduce this outcome when we adopt the assumptions of unified neutral theory. The 19 functional types in our experiments respond in complete accordance with universal adaptive strategy theory. We find that spatial heterogeneity is a strong contributor to long-term diversity, but temporal heterogeneity is less so. The strongest support of all comes when an incursion of propagules is simulated. We enter caveats and suggest further directions for working with cellular automata in plant science. We conclude that although (i) the differentiation of plant life into distinct functional types, (ii) the presence of environmental heterogeneity and (iii) the opportunity for invasion by propagules can all individually promote plant biodiversity, all three appear to be necessary simultaneously for its long-term maintenance. Though further, and possibly more complex, sets of processes could additionally be involved, we consider it unlikely that any set of conditions more minimal than those described here would be sufficient to deliver the same outcome.
Highlights
The continuing level of interest in biodiversity is outstanding (Hooper and Vitousek 1997; Gaston 2000; Tilman 2000; Tilman et al 2014)
These illustrate a species-rich and a species-poor community. Both involve a maximum of just seven functional types
Across a batch of 10 000 runs, each starting with 19 plant types but having a different random combination of global resource and disturbance, the expected hump-backed shape in diversity–biomass emerged after 100 iterations (Fig. 3A)
Summary
The continuing level of interest in biodiversity is outstanding (Hooper and Vitousek 1997; Gaston 2000; Tilman 2000; Tilman et al 2014). Indirect and abstract value of plant biodiversity to the human population (Gaston and Spicer 2004; Xu et al 2020), the search for unifying explanations of it that lie ‘beyond description’ (Harper 1982) has been intense (Tilman 2000; Silvertown 2004; Gaujour et al 2012). Some of this theorizing addresses only components of a phenomenon that is undoubtedly a formally complex one (Loreau et al 2001; Vellend et al 2013; Wardle 2016).
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