Abstract
We report a novel reagent- and separation-free method for urine creatinine concentration measurement using stamping surface enhanced Raman scattering (S-SERS) technique with nanoporous gold disk (NPGD) plasmonic substrates, a label-free, multiplexed molecular sensing and imaging technique recently developed by us. The performance of this new technology is evaluated by the detection and quantification of creatinine spiked in three different liquids: creatinine in water, mixture of creatinine and urea in water, and creatinine in artificial urine within physiologically relevant concentration ranges. Moreover, the potential application of our method is demonstrated by creatinine concentration measurements in urine samples collected from a mouse model of nephritis. The limit of detection of creatinine was 13.2 nM (0.15 µg/dl) and 0.68 mg/dl in water and urine, respectively. Our method would provide an alternative tool for rapid, cost-effective, and reliable urine analysis for non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring of renal function.
Highlights
Urine is an -accessible bodily fluid that provides metabolic information, including the renal status [1, 2]
Compared to directly drying the droplet onto the nanoporous gold disk (NPGD) substrate, where target molecules are permanently chemically bound to the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate, the related issues like competitive adsorption among different molecules, surface and molecule affinity variability and uncertainty are reduced to some extent by the proposed stamping surface enhanced Raman scattering (S-SERS) technique
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images recorded are shown in Figs. 1(c) and 1(d) to illustrate the structure and morphology of the NPGD arrays
Summary
Urine is an -accessible bodily fluid that provides metabolic information, including the renal status [1, 2]. A significant advantage of nanostructure based approach is that SERS signals are more stable against sample ionic strength [32]. On the other hand, may not provide low enough detection limit, because the surface area within the source laser footprint is small and the light-matter interaction is limited [33] This calls for the development of robust, uniform, and reproducible SERS substrates and reliable measurement techniques. Based on NPGD SERS substrates, we have reported a technique called stamping SERS (S-SERS) for label-free, multiplexed molecular sensing, and large-area, high-resolution molecular imaging [38] This technique provides several benefits such as reagent- and separation-free, low cost, high sensitivity and reproducibility. We perform creatinine concentration measurements in urines samples collected from a mouse model of nephritis
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