Abstract
The Ottoman Empire entered World War I in early November 1914, three months after hostilities erupted between the European alliances. The mobilization and concentration plans of the Ottoman general staff moved the entire mobile field army to the fringes of the empire in anticipation of combat operations against the Balkan states and Russia. The mobilization effort itself was slow and incomplete. As a result, the Ottoman Empire’s deployed field armies were ill-equipped for the rigors of active campaigning, and yet were thrown recklessly by Enver into offensive operations.
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