Reactive sintering of porous tungsten for higher homogeneity

Abstract

One of the most important applications of tungsten is its use as a high current density cathode in the form of porous tungsten impregnated with electron emissive salts. Powder metallurgy is the usual processing route to make these parts since melting and casting of tungsten is very tedious due to its high melting point (3410±20°C). The overall porosity and porosity distribution are crucial parameters for the performance and lifetime of porous tungsten cathodes. Although there is an active debate over what constitutes the optimal porosity distribution, lack of homogeneity is observed in conventional parts. This may contribute to a shorter cathode and hence lamp lifetime. These parts are conventionally sintered at temperatures in excess of 2000°C. Furthermore, due to the high temperatures involved, the conventional sintering is very costly and energy consuming. This paper briefly looks into an alternative sintering process being developed for porous tungsten technology and its outcomes in terms of porosity distribution across the parts. As a result, the sintering temperature is dropped down to 1150°C and more homogeneous porous structures have been obtained. A characterisation method previously developed by the authors based on microhardness measurements is proved to be a good measure of the homogeneity of porous tungsten parts.