Abstract
In the northern sector of the Po River Plain (Italy), widespread intensive agriculture and animal farming are supported by large amounts of water from Alpine lakes and their emissaries. Flood irrigation and excess fertilization with manure affect both the hydrology and the chemical quality of surface and groundwater, resulting in diffuse nitrogen pollution. However, studies analyzing the mechanisms linking agricultural practices with vertical and horizontal nitrogen paths are scarce in this area. We investigated groundwater quality and quantity in an unconfined, coarse-grained alluvial aquifer adjacent to the Mincio River (a tributary of the Po River), where steep summer gradients of nitrate (NO3−) concentrations are reported. The effects of manure on solutes’ vertical transport during precipitation events in fertilized and in control soils were simulated under laboratory conditions. The results show high SiO2 and NO3− leaching in fertilized soils. Similarly, field data are characterized by high SiO2 and NO3− concentrations, with a comparable spatial distribution but a different temporal evolution, suggesting their common origin but different processes affecting their concentrations in the study area. Our results show that SiO2 can be used as a conservative tracer of manure spreading, as it does not undergo biogeochemical processes that significantly alter its concentrations. On the contrary, nitrate displays large short-term variations related to aquifer recharge (i.e., flood irrigation and precipitation). In fact, aquifer recharge may promote immediate solubilization and stimulate nitrification, resulting in high NO3− concentrations up to 95.9 mg/L, exceeding the Water Framework Directive (WFD) thresholds. When recharge ends, anoxic conditions likely establish in the saturated zone, favoring denitrification and resulting in a steep decrease in NO3− concentrations.
Highlights
Water pollution has been claiming the attention of scientists and stakeholders all around the world as a growing threat to both the environment and human health [1]
70% of agricultural land worldwide is committed to livestock production, making it one of the major factors contributing to the environmental challenges from the local to the global scale [4]
Such anthropogenic pressures determine the alteration of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and silica (Si) biogeochemical cycles, leading to eutrophication and the degradation of the chemical and biological quality of the water bodies [5,6,7,8]
Summary
Water pollution has been claiming the attention of scientists and stakeholders all around the world as a growing threat to both the environment and human health [1]. 70% of agricultural land worldwide is committed to livestock production, making it one of the major factors contributing to the environmental challenges from the local to the global scale [4]. Such anthropogenic pressures determine the alteration of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and silica (Si) biogeochemical cycles, leading to eutrophication and the degradation of the chemical and biological quality of the water bodies [5,6,7,8]. It is well known that the excessive use of fertilizers in agriculture leads to a nitrogen over-enrichment in water via runoff and leaching [15,16], promoting eutrophication in lakes [17] and coastal waters [18]
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