Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals are essential for transmission of cell signals and other physiological functions. However, excessive amounts of ROS can cause cellular imbalance in reduction–oxidation reactions and disrupt normal biological functions, leading to oxidative stress, a condition known to be responsible for the development of several diseases. The biphasic role of ROS in cellular functions has been a target of pharmacological research. Osteoclasts are derived from hematopoietic progenitors in the bone and are essential for skeletal growth and remodeling, for the maintenance of bone architecture throughout lifespan, and for calcium metabolism during bone homeostasis. ROS, including superoxide ion (O2−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), are important components that regulate the differentiation of osteoclasts. Under normal physiological conditions, ROS produced by osteoclasts stimulate and facilitate resorption of bone tissue. Thus, elucidating the effects of ROS during osteoclast differentiation is important when studying diseases associated with bone resorption such as osteoporosis. This review examines the effect of ROS on osteoclast differentiation and the efficacy of novel chemical compounds with therapeutic potential for osteoclast related diseases.
Highlights
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals are essential for transmission of cell signals and other physiological functions
We summarize the most important features of NOX2, with emphasis on the properties that allow a better understanding of its roles in osteoclastogenesis
NOX1 protein was detectable at a low level in bone marrow macrophages (BMM), but the protein expression of the other NADPH oxidase (NOX) members was not detectable except NOX2, which is the main isoform in BMM [34]
Summary
The human body undergoes constant bone remodeling, a process that maintains the strength and homeostasis of bones by replacing worn-out bone tissue with newly synthesized calcified matrix. During bone formation, a large number of OB progenitors expressing ColIA1/Runx are established before the proliferation phase of differentiation. OC differentiation from hematopoietic progenitor lineage requires macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) to undergo osteoclastic differentiation [1,2,3,4,5,6]. These factors are the key determinants in stimulating the differentiation and activation of OCs, and are very crucial in bone remodeling
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