Abstract
Mechanical injury or wounding in plants can be attributed to abiotic or/and biotic causes. Subsequent defense responses are either local, i.e. within or in the close vicinity of affected tissue, or systemic, i.e. at distant plant organs. Stress stimuli activate a plethora of early and late reactions, from electric signals induced within seconds upon injury, oxidative burst within minutes, and slightly slower changes in hormone levels or expression of defense-related genes, to later cell wall reinforcement by polysaccharides deposition, or accumulation of proteinase inhibitors and hydrolytic enzymes. In the current study, we focused on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in wounded Arabidopsis leaves. Based on fluorescence imaging, we provide experimental evidence that ROS [superoxide anion radical (O2 •−) and singlet oxygen (1O2)] are produced following wounding. As a consequence, oxidation of biomolecules is induced, predominantly of polyunsaturated fatty acid, which leads to the formation of reactive intermediate products and electronically excited species.
Highlights
In biological systems, the metabolism is affected by non-physiological conditions which lead to stress reactions (Foyer et al, 1994; Cramer et al, 2011)
Images of the merged channels depict that a high extent of both chloroplast/ plasma membrane integrity is maintained, some nonvisible disturbance in the cellular integrity can be taken into consideration which might have resulted in DHEOx fluorescence observed in the cytoplasm [1II (C) and 1II (G)]
It can be hypothesized that the DHEOx fluorescence observed in the cytoplasm can be a consequence of potential diffusion of O2− because of the porous membrane formed as a result of the mechanical injury
Summary
The metabolism is affected by non-physiological conditions which lead to stress reactions (Foyer et al, 1994; Cramer et al, 2011). Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a quite universal and fast defense mechanism, known to be associated with various stresses both in vivo and in vitro (Yadav and Pospíšil, 2012; Prasad et al, 2015; Prasad et al, 2016; Prasad et al, 2017a; Prasad et al, 2018; Kumar et al, 2019), in both local as well as systemic responses (Grant and Loake, 2000; Slesak et al, 2007).
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