Reaction of sputtered Pt films on GaAs

Abstract

The self-employment rate has decreased in Japan. This paper examines reasons why working householders aged below 55 avoid self-employment, focusing on age, location, and gender effects. Increasing age and living in local areas encourage householders to be self-employed. Between 1989 and 1994, however, both the age and local effects weakened, while the positions of self-employed females were not improved. We estimate earnings functions for self-employed workers and employees, controlling sample selection bias. The decline in real income of self-employed workers relative to employees particularly in metropolitan areas was more likely to prevent over-35 householders from being self-employed. J. Japan. Int. Econ., March 2002, 16(1) pp. 73–91. Faculty of Economics, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Faculty of Economic, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji-city, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan. © 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: J23, J24, J31.