Abstract
Study was carried out to compare the effect of the degree of contamination of soil with copper on the soil enzyme activity, depending on the type of chemical compound with which a metal reaches the soil and on the method of soil use. An effect of increasing doses of copper on growth and the development of spring barley has been studied. The study was carried out as a pot experiment on two types of soil: loamy sand and light loam. Copper was introduced to soil as copper(II) sulphate(VI) and copper(II) chloride at four doses: 150, 300, 450 and 600 mg Cu2+ kg−1 d.m. of soil. Soil without copper was used as a control sample. The experiment showed that contamination of soil with copper applied as CuCl2 and CuSO4·5H2O upset the homeostasis of soil. Dehydrogenases and urease were the most sensitive to contamination of soil with Cu2+, both as copper(II) chloride and as copper(II) sulphate(VI), and acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase were the least sensitive. Greater changes in enzymatic activity were observed in loamy sand than in light loam. The differences in the impact of copper(II) sulphate(VI) and copper(II) chloride on the soil microbiome were relatively small, because mean ED50 for copper(II) chloride was 341 mg Cu2+ kg−1 d.m. of soil, and for copper(II) sulphate(VI) it was 364 mg Cu2+ kg−1 d.m. of soil. This inhibitory effect of copper persisted throughout the period of the experiment. The sensitivity of spring barley to copper compounds was lower than the enzymes under study.
Highlights
Copper is one of the oldest metals known to man, and its deposits were excavated as early as around 1500 BC (Tica et al 2011)
The sensitivity of spring barley to copper compounds was lower than the enzymes under study
The effect of the degree of contamination of soil with copper on the activity of soil enzymes was interpreted by means of principal component analysis (PCA) (Figs. 1, 4)
Summary
Copper is one of the oldest metals known to man, and its deposits were excavated as early as around 1500 BC (Tica et al 2011). Soluble copper compounds include: CuSO4, Cu(NO3), Cu(CH3COO). Ions in aqueous solutions have a characteristic blue colour. This is caused by the formation of Cu(H2O)42? The most common copper salts include copper(II) chloride, copper(II) sulphate(VI) and copper(II) nitrate(V). Copper(II) sulphate(VI) is used in electroplating, in data transmission, in fabric printing and in the production of insecticides and herbicides to colour brass and zinc products (Wang et al 2010). Both copper compounds are salts of strong acids with different degrees of dissociation
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