Reaction of sleep–wakefulness cycle to stress is related to differences in hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis reactivity in rat

Abstract

Acute stress is known to modify sleep–wakefulness cycle, although with considerable interindividual differences. The origin of these individual differences remains unknown. One possibility is an involvement of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA), as its reactivity is correlated with an individual's behavioral reactivity to stress, and it is known to influence the sleep–wakefulness cycle. The present study was designed to analyze relationships between natural differences in behavioral reactivity to stress associated with differential HPA reactivity and stress-induced changes in sleep–wakefulness. Adult rats were classified into two sub-groups according to their locomotor reactivity to a mild stress (novel environment): the `low responders (LR)' and the `high responders (HR)' animals exhibited different glucocorticoid secretion in response to stress. We show that immobilization stress induced an increase in wakefulness in LR animals and a decrease in wakefulness in HR animals. On the other hand, paradoxical sleep was increased in both LR and HR animals. Moreover, we observed that LR animals slept more than the HR animals, whereas the two groups had similar levels of paradoxical sleep. These results indicate that the response of the sleep–wakefulness cycle to stress is related to the behavioral reactivity to stress, in turn governed by the individual's reactivity of the HPA axis. The involvement of dopaminergic mechanisms is discussed.