Abstract
BackgroundA novel optical sensor for the rapid and direct determination of permethrin preservatives in treated wood was designed. The optical sensor was fabricated from the immobilisation of 2,6-dichloro-p-benzoquinone-4-chloroimide (Gibbs reagent) in nafion/sol–gel hybrid film and the mode of detection was based on absorption spectrophotometry. Physical entrapment was employed as a method of immobilisation.ResultsThe sensor gave a linear response range of permethrin between 2.56–383.00 μM with detection limit of 2.5 μM and demonstrated good repeatability with relative standard deviation (RSD) for 10 μM at 5.3%, 100 μM at 2.7%, and 200 μM at 1.8%. The response time of the sensor was 40 s with an optimum response at pH 11.ConclusionsThe sensor was useful for rapid screening of wood or treated wood products before detailed analysis using tedious procedure is performed. The validation study of the optical sensor against standard method HPLC successfully showed that the permethrin sensor tended to overestimate the permethrin concentration determined.
Highlights
A novel optical sensor for the rapid and direct determination of permethrin preservatives in treated wood was designed
As shown in the figure, the increase in absorption was due to the complex formation of permethrin-Gibbs when Gibbs reagent immobilised in the film reacted with permethrin where the yellow colour changed to blue colour
It is known that the material properties of sol–gel silicate matrix, such as surface area, pore size and distribution, are influenced by many factors during the preparation of the sol–gel silicate including pH and ratio of silica to water
Summary
A novel optical sensor for the rapid and direct determination of permethrin preservatives in treated wood was designed. Preservatives have been widely used in wood preservation process, agriculture, chemical, and polymer technology to protect various products against decay by biodegradation [1]. The choice of preservative to protect a product such as wood-based materials and vegetables is based on the chemical properties of the preservative [2]. Preservatives such as lindane, dieldrin, aldrin, and chlorpyrifos were widely used. Nowadays, these chemicals are largely replaced with pyrethroid group of preservatives such as permethrin and cypermethrin [4].
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